Here at the Law Office of Vincent Miletti, Esq. and the home of the #UnusuallyMotivated movement, we take pride as a resilient and dependable legal services firm, providing such services in both a traditional and online, web-based environment. With mastered specialization in areas such as Employment and Labor Law, Intellectual Property (IP) (trademark, copyright, patent), Entertainment Law, and e-Commerce (Supply Chain, Distribution, Fulfillment, Standard Legal & Regulatory), we provide a range of legal services including, but not limited to traditional legal representation (litigation, mediation, arbitration, opinion letters, and advisory), non-litigated business legal representation and legal counsel, and unique, online legal services such as smart forms, mobile training, legal marketing, and development.

Still, here at Miletti Law®, we feel obligated to enlighten, educate, and create awareness, free of charge, about how these issues and many others affect our unusually motivated® readers and/or their businesses. Accordingly, to achieve this goal, we have committed ourselves to creating authoritative, trustworthy, & distinctive content. Usually, this content is featured as videos posted on our YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtvUryqkkMAJLwrLu2BBt6w and blogs that are published on our website WWW.MILETTILAW.COM. With that, the ball is in your court and you have an effortless obligation to subscribe to the channel and sign up for the Newsletter on the website, which encompasses the best way to ensure that you stay in the loop and feel the positive impact of the knowledge bombs that we drop here!

As the authoritative force in Employment Law, it only seemed right to introduce one of the many upcoming series in which we introduce a variety of topics that looks to educate and deliver in a manner that only Miletti Law® can. To that end, this blog is Part II of our new short series on “Key Legal, Drafting, & Negotiation Issues for Non-disclosure Covenants/Agreements.” As we asserted in Part I, employers should, depending on the sector and individual needs, consider making sure that their non-disclosure agreements feature a number of key clauses and essential elements. From a legal perspective, employers should consider these clauses and elements as very critical elements of a confidentiality agreement between an employee and an employer. As promised, we have hammered on the importance of “Determining what Constitutes Confidential Information” as the first essential element that should feature in every non-disclosure agreement/confidentiality agreement.

Determining what Constitutes Confidential Information

The confidential information requiring protection must always be stated explicitly in every non-disclosure agreement. While the secrets are not actually disclosed, the subject matter of the disclosure is established through a list of categories and types of confidential information. It is also crucial to remember that the nature and value of confidential information vary from industry to industry.

Depending on industry and sector, an employer may have its confidential or proprietary information as innovative processes, business and customer financial information, programming code or proprietary software, and customer information and/or client lists. However, employers must understand that if the confidential information becomes available to the public through no one’s fault, if the information is generally known in the industry or is publicly available, if the receiving party discovered it or created independent of or before involving itself with the disclosing party, then such information is NOT protected.

Most importantly, while confidential/proprietary information goes hand in hand with “trade secrets, employers must be aware of the distinction between the definitions of both as provided under the law. This is because while some version of the UTSA (Uniform Trade Secrets Act) has been adopted by most states, the definition of trade secrets is provided under the DTSA (Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act). In our blog titled “Statutory Definitions & Types of Info Considered Trade Secrets,” and accessible at https://milettilaw.com/blog/f/statutory-definitions-types-of-info-considered-trade-secrets, we mentioned that before implementing protective measures, an employer must identify the kinds of trade secrets warranting protection. We also identified several categories and types of trade secrets, such as (1) employee and/or customer (or potential customer) lists, (2) computer codes, recipes, formulae, and design blueprints, (3) business and marketing plans, (4) spreadsheets and databases that contain logistical statistics and data, (5) supply and customer service requirements or preferences, (6) profits, billing, pricing, and cost methodology and information, and (7) employee contracts or additional information on benefits, compensation, and wages.

Accordingly, in another blog accessible at https://milettilaw.com/blog/f/enforcing-protection-of-confidential-infor-trade-secrets, we mentioned that in line with the definition provided by the DTSA, all types and forms of engineering, economic, technical, scientific, business, or financial information (such as codes, programs, procedures, processes, techniques, methods, prototypes, designs, formulas, program devices, compilations, plans, or patterns), whether or how memorialized, compiled, or stored (such as in the written form, photographically, graphically, electronically, or physically), and whether tangible or intangible constitute “trade secret.” However, the DTSA also provides a very STERN condition for a “trade secret” to meet this definition. Firstly, the DTSA requires that reasonable measures have been taken by the owner thereof to ensure the secrecy of such information. Secondly, the statute requires that the information derives potential or actual independent economic value from not being readily ascertainable through proper means and not being generally known to another individual who can obtain economic value from the use or disclosure of such information.

Accordingly, pursuant to Unif. Trade Secrets Act § 1(4), “trade secret” is defined similarly as information, including a process, technique, method, device, program, compilation, pattern, or formula that (1) derives potential or actual independent economic value from not being readily ascertainable through proper means by and not being generally known to another individual who can obtain economic value from the use or disclosure of such information (2) is the subject of reasonable efforts under the circumstances to ensure its secrecy is maintained.

From a legal point of view, we advise that employers should use a more expansive and comprehensive definition of confidential information than the one for trade secrets provided under the UTSA. For instance, a provision aimed at protecting confidential information but that may not reach the level of a trade secret (implying that it is not entitled to UTSA protection) may be included during the drafting process.

Stay on the lookout for Part III of the series, in which we will hammer on “Determining the Obligations of the Receiving Party,” which is another critical step and element of every confidential agreement between an employee and an employer.

In the meantime, stay tuned for more legal guidance, training, and education in other series in progress. In the interim, if there are any questions or comments, please let us know at the Contact Us page!

Always rising above the bar,

Isaac T.,

Legal Writer & Author.